| definicija standarda | valencija | |
| uključivanje | izbjegavanje | |
| orijentacija na ovladavanje | usmjerenost na ovladavanje zadatkom, učenje, razumijevanje; korištenje standarda unaprjeđivanja, dubinskog razumijevanja zadatka | usmjerenost na izbjegavanje pogrešnog shvaćanja, izbjegavanje mogućnosti da se ne nauči; korištenje standarda da se ne bude u krivu ili ne pogriješi u zadatku |
| orijentacija na izvedbu | usmjerenost na superiornu izvedbu, nadmašivanje drugih, nastojanje da se bude najpametniji, najbolji u zadatku u usporedbi s drugima; korištenje normativnih standarda kao što je dobivanje najboljih ocjena, nastojanje da se bude najbolji u razredu | usmjerenost na izbjegavanje inferiornosti, izbjegavanje mogućnost da se ispadne glup u usporedbi s drugima; korištenje normativnih standarda nedobivanja najlošijih ocjena, nastojanje da se ne bude najlošiji u razredu |
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izv. prof. dr. sc. Daria Rovan, Učiteljski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
